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It is often said that ADHD is a lack of dopamine. The reality is more nuanced. Dopamine does play a role, but ADHD is not simply a chemical deficit. Here is what we know today. Separating popular science from reality helps to better understand the disorder.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, that is to say a molecule that allows neurons to communicate. It is involved in motivation, reward, attention and the control of movement, in particular. It plays a role in many functions of the brain.
The article ADHD and the brain: what the research says looks at this question in detail.
Research suggests differences in the functioning of the circuits that use dopamine and noradrenaline in people with ADHD. These circuits are involved in attention and the control of behaviour. These differences are observed on average across studies, not in every individual.
This point is explained step by step in The causes of ADHD.
Saying that ADHD is a lack of dopamine is an oversimplification. The disorder involves several brain networks, a strong genetic component and environmental factors. Oversimplifications can lead to false solutions.
To go further, read our article Common misconceptions about ADHD.
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Differences in reward circuits could explain why tasks that offer little gratification are so hard to start, whereas stimulating activities capture attention. This helps to understand a child’s behaviour without judging it.
We explore this point in ADHD and procrastination.
Methylphenidate, the reference treatment for ADHD in France, acts in particular on dopamine and noradrenaline. It does not cure the disorder, but can reduce symptoms for the duration of its effect. It is subject to regular medical monitoring.
Its prescription is regulated and decided by a doctor.
This subject is covered in our page Drug treatment for ADHD: parents’ questions.
Some advice promises to increase dopamine through diet or supplements. These approaches have not been shown to be effective for ADHD. Speak to your doctor before trying them. Be wary of overly simple promises.
You will find more details in the article Free ADHD resources for parents.
Dopamine is part of the explanation, but not all of it. Support for ADHD relies on several complementary approaches. Each child benefits from support tailored to their profile.
Our article ADHD treatment in children complements this advice.
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This is an oversimplification: dopamine plays a role, but the disorder involves several mechanisms. It is not a simple deficit.
It acts in particular on dopamine and noradrenaline. The treatment acts on these circuits.
These approaches have not been shown to be effective for ADHD. Be wary of simple promises.
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